Grammar UNIT 5/15 C1

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2021年。。

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准备3天完成，主要针对（GRAMMAR+VOCABULARY）

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UNIT1

GRAMMAR (PRESENT PERFECT ,CONTINOUS FORM AND FUTURE)

VOCABULARY(STATIVE VERBS,COLLOCATION)

GRAMMAR (PRESENT PERFECT ,CONTINOUS FORM AND FUTURE)

1)

Present perfect

They've been waiting here for one hour (during  a period past+present)

Don't tell me he's bought another new car.(we're not saying exactly ..past )

I'm afraid I've forgotten  my key.Can you let me in? (in the past with an effect or result in the present)

*we don't use Presnt perfect  when an exact past time is mentioned and 

there is no connection with the present 

(We went to London in 1997 .we have been to London in 1997)

*but we can use  Present perfect if the period is mentioned include the present and the past

It's been raining for ages

we're have been here sive half past six

I haven't done much work today

2)

Pat perfect

I had been spoken to ..(before past simple )

I had been feeling nervous ..

3)

Future perfect

something will be finished before a specified time in the future

I'll have signed nearly a hundred letters by tonight

FOR ,SINCE ALREADY,YET STILL OFTEN..

Expressing the future

we'll been sitting ..

when you arrive,you are to go..

*we omit WILL in time clauses

I'll phone you as soon as we will have arrived

I'll phone you as soon as we will have arrived

I'll phone you as soon as we have arrived

VOCABULARY(STATIVE VERBS,COLLOCATION)

UNIT 2/15

PASSIVE 

be+past participle

es:was stolen..,

They ought to have been punished ..

Having been beaten in the semifinal..

in spoken english use get instead of be 

they got told off ..

they were told off..

*however  get+ed is more common with an active meaning similar to become 

like :get dressed,get married...

Forma attiva 

sogg（agente）action  result

io        ho mangiato      una mela 

Forma passive 

sogg(result)    action     agent 

la mela    e' mangiata da me 

 es: we beat them in extra time 

we got beaten in extara time

other formd for using passive:

• I was born in ..
• coffee will be made available ..
• some verbs cannot be used...
• by all the messages of symoathy that she recieved
• we can't possibly complete..this work can't possibly be completed
• all application must be given in before..
• vaccination had been pioneeres..

*NOT ALL be+ed  forms are PASSIVE!

Theay may be adjectives:

the dog has been depressed since...

we AVOID passive with be being/been being(in spoke english )

The toad will have been being repaired for months

They will have been reparing the road for months..

The road will have been under repair for months

UNIT 3

Modal verbs :

can/could

may might

will would

should /ought to 

shall should

modals come before infinitive form of a verb without to(except ought to)

I may meet her tomorrow..

we can use modals with continous /Perfect form..

she should be arriving ...

she might have left..

with a passive form（can be arranged for..）

answer short question(...,WON'T YOU ?Well I might..)

I can come ..(present)

I could read.../I should have realised earlier(past)

I might call you later ..(future)

*Dare and need sometimes act like modals without to 

I dare say..

I need  see her again..

*we use other verbs with similar meanings to modals

always with to

es:be able to, have to ,esed to are/is/was to,be allowed to ,be supposed to,manage to

main f(x)

• predicting （I shall be..you won't like this food :it's very spicy..）
• true ,untrue ,possible(you may/may not..2you should /ought to have.     .3you could..    4you will/won't)
• deduction(1)you must..2)you could't have seen her...3)you can't....)
• necesity(you must..2)you needn't..3)you mustn't...4)you didn' t need to 5you have to..)
• duty and advise(Shall I do..?Should/Ought I..?)

UNIT 4

mainf(x)modals

• intention,willingness(I will finish this /shall I help..couls you?)
• frequency,habit (He will often stop to chat with me/  I used to../I could work all night )
• ability(could you swim..?)
• permission(May I go..? Could I..? yeah you can..no you can't)
• special uses of should (I suggested them should try it again/I should imagine..)

*you might have told me..

I wonder if I might have you attenttion for a moment ..

Could I possibly use your phone ?.

UNIT 5

1. SUBjunctives
2. unreal past tenses
3. zero,first ,second and third conditionals
4. real unreal conditionals 
5. false conditionals
6. altenative to if

SUBjunctives

• present(Infinitive without to ！es:I suggested he to stop as soon as he becomes tired)
• past(only in WERE in all person) es:I were ..he/she were..

unreal past tenses

(use I WISH PAST SIMPLE =future/present  ___use IF ONLY PAST PERFECT=past )

• I wish she wasn't so shy..(but she is)
• If only I hadn't listened to you(but I did)

zero,first ,second and third conditionals

• 0 If you press the button,the bus stops
• 1 If it rains ,I won't go out
• 2 If I were a boy ,I would not be a mother
• 3 If I had studied hard ,I would have passed the exam

real unreal conditionals 

• past If you were working last night,how come I didn't see you light on?
• present: If you feel disappointed .that's natural
• future: If you do  that again ,I'm going to tell your mum

false conditionals

• If you don't like opera,why are you here?
• if you did't like ..you should have left..

altenative to if

IF IS NOT THE ONLY WORD TO introduce conditionals

• So /as long as..
• Suppose/supposing..
• If only..
• Unless..,he's going to ..
• We'll buy it ,if and when..
• xx can't come with us...even if..
• I think I'll accept it, assuming...

UNLES=IF..NOT...

*but we can't always use it like alternative to if not !

I'd feel happier if she didn't talk too much

I'd feel happier unless she talked too much

*we often use IF ONLY without  a result clause

If only I'd got there sooner.

*WHEN and IF

• IF Mary comes ,I will talk..（Mary she may come如果她来的话。。可来可不来））
• WHEN Mary comes ,I will talk(she is coming 到时候她来的时候，我要跟她说。。)

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